![]() Headaches, vomiting and a mild fever may also occur. By comparison, loxoscelism (from recluse spiders) can present with local necrosis of the surrounding skin and widespread breakdown of red blood cells. Symptoms of latrodectism (from widow spiders) may include pain at the bite or involve the chest and abdomen, sweating, muscle cramps and vomiting among others. Medically significant spider bites involve substantial envenomation from only certain species such as widow spiders and recluse spiders. Spider bites most often cause minor symptoms and resolve without intervention. Although robust epidemiological data is unavailable, global estimates of scorpion stings exceed 1.2 million resulting in more than 3000 deaths annually. Severe toxic reactions can occur resulting in progressive hemodynamic instability, neuromuscular dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, multi-organ failure, and death. Only certain species (from family Buthidae) inject neurotoxic venom, responsible for most morbidity and mortality. Most scorpion stings also cause self-limited pain or paresthesias. The low mortality (around 60 deaths per year in the US out of unreported millions of stings nationwide) associated with Hymenoptera is mostly due to anaphylaxis from venom hypersensitivity. While the majority of Hymenoptera stings are locally painful, their associated venom rarely cause toxic reactions unless victims receive many stings at once. Most arthropod stings involve Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees). Less frequently, venomous spider bites are also associated with morbidity and mortality in humans. Stings containing venom are more likely to be painful. Many arthropods bite or sting in order to immobilize their prey or deter potential predators as a defense mechanism. Defensive and predatory bites and stings Rarely (1-3% of Hymenoptera sting reactions), systemic reactions can affect multiple organs and pose a medical emergency, as in the case of anaphylactic shock. Less commonly (around 10% of Hymenoptera sting reactions), a large local reaction occurs when the area of swelling is greater than 10 centimetres (4 in). Most arthropod bites and stings cause self-limited redness, itchiness and/or pain around the site. Signs and symptoms The left side of the image is showing the temperature increase caused by an insect bite after about 28 hours. While most cases cause self-limited irritation, medically relevant complications include envenomation, allergic reactions, and transmission of vector-borne diseases. These bites and stings generally occur as a defense mechanism or during normal arthropod feeding. Many species of arthropods (insects, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes) can bite or sting human beings. Medical condition Arthropod bites and stingsĪnaphylaxis, envenomation, disease transmission
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